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THE  LIFE  AND  LITERATURE  OF  THE  EARLY  HEBREWS 


The  Life  and  Literature 

OF   THE 

Early  Hebrews 


fyUabu^ 


OF   A    COURSE    OF   LECTDRES    DELIVERED    AT 

LELAND   STANFORD  JUNIOR   UNIVERSITY   IN   THE    SECOND  SEMESTER 

JANUARY   6  TO   MAY    13,  1904 


BY 

Charles  Reynolds  Brown 

Pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church  of  Oakland 
Special  Lecturer  on  Ethics 


STANFORD   UNIVERSITY 
CALIFORNIA 

1904 

UNIVERSITY   PRESS 


SUGGESTED    READING. 

The  Old  Testament.     (R.  V.  preferred.) 

History  of  the  Jewish  Church.     Stanley,  3  vols. 

Old  Testament  History.     Henry  Preserved  Smith. 

A  Short  History  of  the  Hebrews.     Ottley. 

Old  Testament  History.     Wade. 

Old  Testament  Criticism  and  the  Christian  Church.  John 
Edgar  McFadyen. 

Who  Wrote  the  Bible  ?     Washington  Gladden. 

Life  and  Literature  of  the  Ancient  Hebrews.     Lyman  Abbott. 

Religion  of  Israel  to  the  Exile.     Carl  Budde. 

Beginnings  of  History.     Francois  Lenormant. 

Jewish  Religious  Life  After  the  Exile.     T.  K.  Cheyne. 

History  of  the  People  of  Israel.     Carl  Heinrich  Cornill. 

Prophets  of  Israel.     Carl  Heinrich  Cornill. 

Primitive  Religions.     D.  G.  Brinton. 

Short  Introduction  to  the  Literary  Study  of  the  Bible.  Richard 
G.  Moulton. 

Literary  Study  of  the  Bible.     Richard  G.  Moulton. 

Modern  Criticism  and  the  Preaching  of  the  Old  Testament. 
George  Adam  Smith. 

Historical  Geography  of  the  Holy  Land.     George  Adam  Smith. 

Origin  and  Growth  of  Religion  as  Illustrated  by  Ancient  He- 
brews.    Montefiore. 

Theology  of  the  Old  Testament.     Piepenbring. 

Religion  of  the  Semites.     W.  Robertson  Smith. 

The  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish  Church.     W.  Robertson  Smith. 

The  Old  Testament  and  Modern  Life.     Stopford  A.  Brooke. 

Biblical  Study.     A.  S.  Peake. 

A  Primer  of  the  Bible.     W.  H.  Bennett. 

Introduction  to  the  Literature  of  the  Old  Testament.     Driver. 

Hastings,  Dictionary  of  the  Bible:  Articles  on  Angel,  Bible,  Ark 
of  Covenant,  Cosmogony,  Decalogue,  Ethics,  Exodus,  Gen- 
esis; Flood,  Holiness  in  Old  Testament,  Job,  Messiah,  Pal- 
estine, Prophecy  and  Prophets,  Priests  and  Levites,  Syna- 
gogue, Tabernacle. 

Encyclopedia  Brittanica  :  Articles  on  Israel,  Bible,  Ark  of  Cov- 
enant, Hebrew  I^anguage  and  Literature,  Jerusalem,  Priest, 
Prophet,  Sabbath,  Sacrifice,  Temple,  Cosmogony,  Penta- 
teuch. 


PS 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFOT?NlA 
AAUIA  BAitBARA  COLLEG^  LIBRARY 


i^  >  ■ 


LITERARY  CHRONOLOGY.* 


Moses        ....... 

Early  traditions  and  songs 

J  Docuitient  (Yahvvist)    .... 

E  Document  (Elohist)         .         .         .         . 

Amos  and  Hosea       ..... 

Isaiah  ....... 

Micah 

Nail  am  ....... 

Zephaniah       .  ..... 

Deuteronomy,  written  about  650,  published 
Jeremiah  ...... 

Habakkuk   ....... 

Ezekiel     ....... 

Babylonian  Exile         ..... 

Lamentations  ..... 

Historical  books  (up  to  Kings,  edited  in  the 
Deuteronomy)  .... 

Deutero-Isaiah         ..... 

Haggai  and  Zechariah         .... 

Job 

Psalms  (composed,  collected,  edited) 
Priests'  Code  (P),  Leviticus,  etc.     . 
Malachi,  Ruth,  Joel,  Jonah,  Obadiah 
Pentateuch  com])leted     .... 

Chronicles  and  Ezra — Nehemiah 

Song  of  Songs  ..... 

Book  of  Proverbs         ..... 

Ecclesiastes     ...... 

Daniel  ....... 

Esther 


B 

.  c. 

.  c  1200 

1200-1000 

.      850 

750 

.      750- 

-735 

740- 

-700 

.      725- 

-690 

c  650 

.    c  630 

621 

.      626- 

-586 

.       c600 

.      592- 

-570 

597- 

-538 

.   c  586 

spirit  of 

600- 

-560 

.    c540 

520 

.  c  540 

Dr  later 

520- 

150 

.      500- 

450 

460- 

400 

.   c  420 

350- 

250 

.      350 

300 

.       250 

c  167 

.  c  150 

*  Compiled  by  Prof.  W.  F.  Bade. 


c  ^  circa,  about. 


LECTURE   I. 

Prolegomena. 

Three-fold  aim  of   the  course:  historical,  interpretative,  prac- 
tical. 

Natural  Interest  in  Old  Testament  as  Literature. 

Its  wide  currency. 

Its  practical  influence  on  thought  and  life. 

Importance  of  its  main  theme. 

Its  germinal  relation  to  other  literatures. 

Materials  for  Study. 

1.  Meaning  of  word  "Bible,"  from  "biblia,"  a  library. 

Period  covered,  over  a  thousand  years  :  see  Chrono- 
logical table. 

Variety  of  literature  —  legend,  history,  ecclesiastical 
law,  civil  law,  poetry,  drama,  fiction,  oratory,, 
moral  philosophy,  biography,  homily,  folk  lore, 
songs. 

Main  theme  of  the  collection. 

Unity  lies  in  spirit  and  purpose  of  the  writers,  rather 
than  in  any  "literary  oneness." 

2.  Method  of  making  the  collection. 

Amount  of  material  offered  :  lost  books  referred  to  in 
Old  Testament ;  doubtful  books  refused  ;  our 
collection  stands  as  the  remains  of  a  wider  liter- 
ature. 

Principle  of  selection. 

a.  Moral  and  religious  edification. 
6.  Glorification  of  Hebrew  race. 

Who  made  the  collection  ?     Validity  of. 

Varying  value  of  books  accepted. 

Varying  degrees  of  success  in  gaining  admission  to  the 
canon. 

3.  Arrangement  of  books. 

Order  neither  chronological  nor  logical. 
Artificial  principles  of  arrangement. 
Ancient  scribes   fond  of   mnemonics  ;    pieces  put   to- 
gether. 


6 

Division  into  chapters,  verses,  and  even  into  books  often 
arbitrary  —  Numbers,  Isaiah,  Chronicles,  and 
Ezra. 

Headings  of  chapters  recent,  often  unscholarly,  con- 
fusing. 

4.  Literary  composition  —  documentary  hypothesis. 

Evidence  for  —  double  accounts  of  creation,  deluge,  call 
of  Abraham  ;  three  accounts  of  Ten  Command- 
ments. 

Four  main  documents  in  Pentateuch  :  J.  E.  D.  P.  ; 
other  sources. 

Varying  points  of  view  in  relating  same  events,  e.  g., 
Kings  prophetic,  Chronicles  priestly. 

Original  materials  frequently  edited  in  the  interests  of 
theological  theory. 

Transcription  gave  opportunity  for  rearrangement  and 
change  ;  foot-notes,  explanations.  Variations 
in  ancient  manuscripts. 

5.  Some  literary  traits  of  Hebrew  writers. 

Language  "fluid,  literary,"  not  "fixed  or  scientific." 

Oriental  love  for  figures  of  speech  —  taken  literally, 
often  confusing  and  misleading. 

Scant  regard  for  authorship  in  compilation. 

Some  of  the  choicest  compositions  anonymous  :  Job, 
Deuteronomy,  second  half  of  Isaiah. 

National  consciousness  sometimes  excessive  —  leads  to 
extravagant  statement. 

Homiletic  purpose  ;  histories  called  "prophets";  prag- 
matism. 

Such  writing  always  valuable  for  history  of  ideas  — 
not  equally  so  for  history  of  fact. 

Some  Suggestions  as  to  Method. 

1.  Principles  of  interpretation. 

Freedom  from  prepossession  ;  open  mind. 
Effort  to  ascertain  original  meaning. 
Estimate  influence  of  time  and  place. 
Compare  with  writings  of  ethnic  religions. 
Interpret  each  writing  as  part  of  a  total  literature. 
Observe  law  of  development. 

2.  Intellectual  attitude  as  to  credibility  of  sources. 

Three  stages  in  treatment  of  tradition  : 

a.  Equivalent  to  history. 

h.    Pure  fiction  ;  valueless. 

c.    Reliable  nucleus  with  accretions. 
Substantial  and  ascertainable  basis  of  fact. 


LECTURE   II. 

The  Patriarchal  Period. 

(Read  Genesis  15,  18,  22,  24,  27,  28,  31,  32.) 
Literature  of  period  much  later  than  events  described. 
Moral  point  of  view  largely  carried  back  from  a  maturer  stage. 
Prehistoric  figures  built  up  by  imputing  race  characteristics. 
General  treatment  of  materials  poetical  and  pragmatic  rather 
than  critical. 

The  Midrash  in  later  Jewish  literature. 

The  First  Hebrew  —  Abraham. 
Name  of  individual  or  of  tribe  ? 

Names  of  antediluvians  ;  their  unusual  longevity. 
Embodiment  of  best  traits  of  later  Jewish  life  —  faith  in  the 
invisible,  trust  in  the  might  of  righteousness,  honor, 
simplicity,  perseverance,  love  of  freedom. 
Moral    sense   evident  in    all    these   early  stories,  though 
not  always  the  morality  of  our  day. 
The  migration  or  "  call  "  of  Abraham. 
His  vocation,  disposition,  character. 

His  sons  —  Ishmael,  Isaac.     Traditional  origin  of  two  great 
religions  —  Judaism,  Mohammedanism. 
Ishmael  briefly  dismissed   by   an   exclusive  interest  in 
main  line  of  religious  tradition —  so  Esau  later. 
Important  events  in  his  life. 

Intercession  for  cities  of  the  plain  ;  their  destruction. 
Insistence  upon   moral  character  in  deity.     "Judge  of  all 

the  earth  must  do  right." 
Inclination  to  human  sacrifice  —  offering  of  Isaac. 

a.  Impulse  to  yield  the  life  of  his  son,  divine. 

b.  Form  of  consecration  at  first  mistaken. 

c.  Sincere  devotion  guided  to  worthier  ends. 

Yahweh  does  not  require  human  sacrifice. 


10 

Life  of  Isaac. 

The  child  of  promise. 

His  marriage  —  first  love  story.     Early  marriage  customs. 

Present  view  of  his  character  in  Mosque  in  Hebron. 

Memorable  visit  of  Dean  Stanley  and  Prince  of  Wales  to 
the  mosque. 
His  family.     Esau,  Jacob.     Varying  characters  of  the  twins. 
Moral  outcome  of    the  genial  and  the  strenuous  temper- 
ament. 

The  Story  of  Jacob. 

Value  of  birthright  —  primogeniture. 

Banishment  from  home  —  two  accounts  assign  different  causes 

for.     His  dream  at  Bethel  —  place  of  dreams  in  Hebrew 

thought.     "  The  Lord  answered  not,  neither  by  dreams 

nor  by  Urim  nor  by  prophets." 
Relations  with  Laban.     Marriage    by  barter:    plural  wives, 

genius  for  gain,  flight. 
Night  at  Jabbok  ford.     Conflict  with  a  mysterious  Presence  — 

change  of  name  to  Israel;  origin  of  name  "Peniel"; 

Hebrew  custom  of  refusing  to  eat  certain  muscle.     Net 

result  of  experience  in  modern  terms. 
Poetic  treatment  of  a  moral  crisis  in  the  life  of  one  who 
passed  from  mere  shrewdness  to  moral  purpose. 

Some  Early  Conceptions  of  God. 

His  names  :   Yahweh,  Adonai,  Elohim,  Elshaddai. 
No  associates,  or  relatives  ;  no  Hebrew  goddess. 
Monolatry  rather  than  monotheism. 

Early  emergence  of  the  idea  of  moral  character  in  their  deity. 
Use  of  these  names  of  deity  in  the  analysis  of  composite  writ- 
ings. 


12 


LECTURE    III. 

The  Sojourn  in  Egypt, 

(Read  Genesis  37,  39,  40,  41,  42,  43,  44,  45  ;  Exodus  1,  2,  3,  7,  8, 

9,  10,  14.) 

Transition  from  stories  of  individuals  to  history  of  a  race.      • 

Twelve  sons  as  progenitors  of  twelve  tribes. 

Position  of  Joseph  as  a  connecting  link  between  family  and 
tribal  history,  between  Israel  and  Egypt. 

The  Story  of  Joseph. 

Favorite  story  with  ancients  ;  with  moderns  ;  no  theophanies, 
no  miracles  —  simple,  human,  natural. 

Effect  of  polygamy  on  familv  life  :  favorite  wife,  favorite 
child. 

Sold  as  a  slave  to  Egyptian  caravan  ;  double  narrative  of 
disposition  made  of  him. 

Advancement  in  Egypt;  abiding  confidence  in  pre- 
eminence of  Hebrew  ability,  —  Nehemiah,  Daniel, 
Disraeli. 

Literary  touches,  dreams,  luxury,  intrigue,  prison  life, 
Nile  as  object  of  worshipful  regard. 

Visit  of  brothers  ;  Hebrew  migration  to  Goshen  :  Jacob 
taking  leave  of  ancestral  deity. 

Dramatic  treatment  of  a  national  hero. 

The  Israelites  in  Egypt. 

Change  of  fortune  by  Joseph's  death  ;  royal  favor  in  Orient 

largely  personal. 
Supposed   fear  of  foreigners  by   Egyptians  ;  race  vitality  of 

Jews. 
Slave  labor  ;  huge  building  operations  of    Rameses  II,  and 

other  kings  ;  reference  to  Pithom  and  Rameses. 
Reason  for  scant  reference  in  Egyptian  inscriptions. 

The  Story  of  Moses. 

His  name,  his  true  place  in  history  ;  accretions  around  any 

great  name. 
1.  Romance    of    his   childhood  and  education  ;  strong    race 
loyalty. 


14 

2.   Moses  in  Midian  ;  relation  to  Kenites  ;  first  acquaintance 
with   Yahweh  :  familiarity    with    region    traversed 
later. 
Use  of  name  "  Yahweh,"  the  God  of  the  Hebrews. 
Yahweh's  character  as  a  war  god  ;  his  weapons. 
Yahweh's  home,  Sinai,  Horeb  ;  his  migrations. 
Yahweh's  fidelity  to  his  agreements  ;  early  ethical 

element  in  Hebrew  faith. 
Yahweh's    requirements   of    his    worshippers  —  no 
images,    no    other    gods.     Elaborate    ritual 
requirements  later  conception. 
Call  of  Moses  at  the  burning  bush. 

Gift  of  the  magic  wand  as  a  credential. 

Moses  as  a  Leader  of  His  Race. 

Varying  motive  in  social  effort  ;  resentment  vs.  moral  faith. 
His  struggle  with  Pharaoh  ;  with  the  magicians  of  Egypt. 

Yahweh  victorious  in  his  contest  with  the  gods  of  Egypt. 
Series  of  public  calamities  known  as  "  ten  plagues." 
Character  of  —  natural  to  Egypt. 

Close  relation  to  environment  ;    sequence  corresponds   to 
order  of  Egyptian  seasons. 
Effect  of  red    Nile,  frogs,  lice,  murrain,  boils,  storm, 

flies,  locusts,  on  primitive  minds. 
Grouping  probably  pragmatic  rather  than  actual. 
Opportune  occasion  for  Hebrew  uprising  at  close  of  series  of 
public  calamities. 
Feeling  of  Egyptians  ;  some  supernatural  power  against 

them. 
World  made  and  managed  for  moral  ends  ;  connection  not 
always  clear  and  exact  as  indicated  in  these  nar- 
ratives, yet  they  do  not  mislead  in  claiming  lord- 
ship of  moral  purpose. 

Flight  from  Egypt. 

Morality  of  despoiling  Egyptians  ;  Yahweh  followed  custom 

of  the  time  ;  backsheesh. 
Traditional  origin  of  passover ;  unleavened  dough  in  haste; 

ritual  accretions. 
Crossing  of  Red  Sea  ;  main  barrier  in  way  of  escape. 

Great  boundary  —  crossing  from  Africa  to  Asia,  from 
slavery  to  freedom,  from  complexity  of  environment 
to  simplicity  of  desert. 
Religious  interpretation  put  upon  natural  agencies  — 
"  strong  east  wind  all  night."  Belief  that  Yahweh 
controls  storms. 


.16 

Moral  effect  of  deliverance  by  power  not  their  own. 

Siege    of    Leyden  ;    overthrow    of    Spanish    Armada ; 

Russian  campaign  of  Napoleon. 
Not  to  be  misled  by  coincidences,  but  world  so  made 
that  way  of  moral  transgressor  is  hard. 
Effect  of    religious  bond  and  motive  —  Crusaders,  Saracens, 

Sepoys,  Russians,  Boers. 
Subsequent  references  to  national  deliverance  ;  contrast  "Fall 
of  Man." 

Lasting  and  Discernible  Impress  of  Egypt  on  Israelites. 

"  Moses  learned  in  all  learning  of  the  Egyptians." 

Art  of  writing  ;  social  institutions  ;  sanitary  measures. 
Sacred  bull  —  golden  calf,  golden  bulls  at  Dan  and  Bethel. 
Form  of  temple  ;  adytum  ;  dress  of  high  priest ;  Urim  and 

Thummim. 
Sacrifice  of  scapegoat  ;  similar  custom  in  Egypt  ;  spectacular 

representation    of   sending    away    stain    and  taboo  of 

moral  guilt. 
Other  traces  of  Egyptian  influence  on  thought  and  practice. 

Note. — Why    no    belief  in  personal    immortality    among 
early  Hebrews  ;  contrast  Egyptian  belief. 
Sense  of  individuality  undeveloped;  tribal  and  racial 

consciousness. 
Doctrine  had  associations  which  ethical  sense  of  He- 
brews rejected  ;  mummied  bulls,  beetles,  croco- 
diles. 
General  estimate  of  Moses'  character  and  work. 
Racial  independence,  consciousness,  institutions. 


18 

LECTURE    IV. 

The  Years  of  Wandering. 

(Read  Exodus  16,  18,  20,  32,  34  ;  Numbers  22,  23,  24  ;  Deuteron- 
omy 5,  34.) 
Some  characteristics  of  the  Sinaitic  peninsula. 
Reasons  for  not  taking  the  direct  route  to  Canaan. 

1.  Moses'  familiarity  with  the  Sinaitic  region. 

2.  Philistines  on  nearest  border  of  Palestine. 

3.  Need  of  preparation  for  work  of  conquest. 

4.  Desire  to    visit   Sinai,   where   Moses   first    worshipped 

Yahweh. 

The  Effect  of  Nomadic  Life  —  Physical,  Social,  Political,  Moral 
Results. 

Gradual  transformation  of  slaves  to  free  men  of  the  desert. 

Sources  of  Sustenance. 

Stories  of  manna,  quail,  water  from  the  rock. 

Exudations   from    shrubs  ;    low-flying  birds ;    water    supply 

uncertain. 
Recorded  murmuring  of  the  people  evidence  of  dissatisfaction 

over  meager  supplies. 

Contact  with  Other  Peoples. 

Region  inhabited  by  wandering  tribes. 

1.  Kenites  ;  Moses' father-in-law  a  priest  of  Midian  ;  later 

history  of  Kenites. 

2.  Moabites  ;  story  of  Balaam  ;  trance,  power  of  incanta- 

tion, voice  of  the  ass. 
Poetic  treatment  of  an  outside  tribute  to  Yahweh. 
Moral  kernel  of  the  story. 

3.  Amalekites  ;  conflict  with  ;  holding  up  Moses'  hands  ; 

confidence  in  something  divine  as  a  source  of 
courage.  Growing  confidence  in  Yahweh  as  a 
war-god. 

Some  Desert  Laws. 

Elaborate  provision  for  ritual  observance  a  later  tradition. 
Many  unsuited  to  desert  period  —  landmark,  cities  of  ref- 
uge, extensive  sacrifices. 
Effort  to  gain  sanction  of  antiquity  for  "  Priests'  Code." 


20 

Simple  rules  for  government  of  nomads  in  camp. 
Insistence  upon  thorough  loyalty  to  Yahweh. 

Cannot  tolerate  rivals  ;  a  noble  jealousy. 
The  ark  as  Yahweh's  residence. 

Tabernacle  a  movable  tent  for  religious  observances. 

Inner  sanctuary  necessary  to  provide  a  place  of  privacy 
for  Yahweh. 

The  sentiment  attaching  to  the  mysterious  chest  or  "ark." 

Experiences  at  Mt.  Sinai. 

Numerous  peaks  ;  difficult  to  identify  ;  references  not  all  his- 
torical. 
Impressiveness  of  natural  situation  ;  dwellers  in  Nile  delta 

unused  to  cliffs  and  mountains. 
Climatic  conditions  ;  unused    to   such   storms  ;    testimony  of 
Stanley. 
Religious   interpretation   put    upon    lightning,   thunder, 
wind,  cloud-capped  peaks,  by  primitive  peoples. 
Story  of  Moses  receiving  the  law  ;  two  tables  ;  forty  days. 
Three  accounts  of  Ten  Commandments  :  Exodus  34,  Exodus 
20,  Deuteronomy  5. 
Exodus  34  ;  old  Book  of  Covenant.     Simple,  "  ten  words," 
primitive  ideas. 

1.  "Thou  shalt  worship  no  other  God,  for  Yahweh  is  a 

jealous  God." 

2.  "Thou  shalt  make  no  molten  gods." 

3.  "  Thou  shalt  keep  the  feast  of  unleavened  bread." 

4.  "  All  that  openeth  the  womb  is  mine." 

5.  "  Six  days  thou  shalt  labor,  and  on  the  seventh  keep 

Sabbath." 

6.  "The   feast    of    weeks  shalt  thou  observe,  and  the 

feast  of  ingathering." 

7.  "Thou    shalt    not  offer  the  blood  of  sacrifice  with 

leaven." 

8.  "The  passover  offering  shall  not  be  left  until  morn- 

ing." 

9.  "  The  first  fruits  of  the  ground  shall  be  brought  to 

the  house  of  Yahweh." 
10.  "  Thou  shalt  not  boil  a  kid  with  its  mother's  milk." 
Exodus   20;    Priests'   Code;    ritual    reason    for    Sabbath- 
keeping. 
Deuteronomy  5  ;  Prophetic  Account  ;  moral  and  humane 
foundation  for  Sabbath-keeping. 
Law  of  development ;  subordination  of  ritual  to  moral  values. 


22 

Some  Further  Experiences. 

1.  Lapses  into  apparent  idolatry.     Aaron's  calf   modeled  on 

bull-worship  of  Egypt.     Yahweh  worshipped  later 
under  form  of  bull. 

2.  Moses'  vision  of  Yahweh's  back. 

Additional  reason  for  prohibition  of  images  ;  no  one 
had  seen  or  could  see  Yahweh's  face  and  live. 

3.  Slaughter  of  Midianites  ;  extermination  through  religious 

frenzy. 
Curious  mingling  of  cruelty  and  ceremonial  strictness. 
To  be  judged  by  standards  of  that  time  and  place. 

4.  Farewell  and  death  of  Moses;  his  final  vision  ;  mystery  of 

his  burial-place. 

Main  results  of  this  nomadic  period. 
Awakening  of  purpose. 
Adoption  of  Yahweh  as  national  deity. 
Rude  beginnings  of  civil  and  religious  institutions. 


24 


LECTURE   V. 

The  Conquest  of  Palestine. 

(Read  Joshua  3,  6,  7,  9,  10,  20,  24.) 
"Palestine,"  land  of  the  Philistines. 

Small  country  —  in  size  and  shape  resembles  New  Hampshire. 
Persistent  conviction  that  it  was  to  be  a  Hebrew  possession. 
Causes  of ;  present  feeling  among  Jews  ;  Zionism. 

Location  of  the  Country. 

Midway  between  two  ancient  seats  of  civilization,  Nile  and 
Euphrates  valleys. 
Highway  for  international  traffic ;  buffer  on  frontier. 
Educative  contact  with  stronger  peoples. 

Some  Outward  Features. 

Soil  thin,  lacking  in  fertility,  except  in  a  few  valleys. 

Support  of  large  population  impossible. 

Climate  and  fertility  in  tbeir  effect  on  religious  thought. 
Contrasted  with  Egypt  in  Deuteronomy  xi,  10. 

Two  main  seasons,  rainy  and  dry. 
Lack  of  harbors  ;  never  maritime,  as  was  Phoenicia. 
Depression  of  whole  Jordan  valley  —  bottom  of  ditch. 
Natural  topography,  making  travel  difficult ;  social  effect. 

Influence  of  hill  country  ;  "  their  god  is  a  god  of  the  hills." 

National  prejudice  against  horses. 

Character  of  Former  Inhabitants. 

General  tone  of  history  prejudiced  by  religious  difference. 
Narrow  view  of  idolaters  relieved    by   glimpses    of   Baalam, 

Ruth. 
Main  evils,  images,  licentious  rites,  human  sacrifice,  cruelty. 

The  Story  of  Joshua's  Wars. 

Divergence  between  account  in  Joshua  and  situation  described 
in  succeeding  books  ;  lack  of  historicity. 

1,  Significance  of  approach  from  east. 

Fierce  Philistines  on  west  ;  Jordan  valley  debilitating 
to  its  residents. 

2.  Passage  of  Jordan  ;  probable  mode  of ;  religious  value. 


26 

3.  Capture  of  Jericho;  falling   walls;  evidence  for  volcanic 

disturbances  in  Dead  Sea  region. 
Some  striking  event  treated  in  homiletic  style. 

4.  Defeat  at  Ai  ;  oriental  looting  ;  Yahweh's  claim  on  spoil  ; 

violation    of    taboo ;    varying    results    of    varying 
numbers. 

5.  Strategy  of  Gibeonites  ;  simplicity  of  untutored  Israelites. 

6.  Great   battle  of    Beth-Horon  ;  account  of  "  sun  standing 

still,"  from  "Book  of  Jasher." 
Used  against  Galileo  ;  poetic  treatment  of  signal  vic- 
tory. 

7.  Slaughter  of  Canaanites  ;  morality  of  it. 

Bearing  of  certain  commands  and  precepts  attributed  to  God 
in  Old  Testament  upon  authority  of  scripture. 

Forced  to  choose  between  an  irnperfect  record  or  an  imperfect 
understanding  of  God's  will,  and  an  imperfect  God. 
Entire  heavenly  treasure  in  earthen  vessels. 

Some  Civil  Provisions  Attributed  to  Joshua. 

1.  Division  of  land  among  tribes  by  lot. 

Use  of  lot  in  ascertaining  Yahweh's  will. 

Urim  and  Thummim  of  priests  ;  food  taboo  of  Saul 
and  Jonathan  ;  trial  of  accused  by  lot  ;  selec- 
tion of  apostle  Matthias  ;  present  Moham- 
medan practice. 

2.  Cities  of  refuge  ;    humane  provision  of  a  rude   people   to 

mitigate  rule  of  vengeance  in  fatal  accidents. 

3.  Trans-jordanic  tribes  ;  various  laws  of  property  ;  late  in 

date. 

4.  Yahweh's  tent  pitched  at  Shiloh  ;  use  of  sacred  places. 

Joshua's  Farewell  Address  Urging  — 

Fidelity  to  Yahweh  as  a  God  who  kept  his  word. 
Soldierly  courage. 

Difficulties  not  so  nearly  over  as  account  might  indicate  ; 

struggle  still  on  in  days  of  Judges  ;  mere  foothold 

gained  in  Palestine. 


28 

LECTURE  VI. 
The  Days  of  the  Judges, 

(Read  Judges  3,  4,  5,  7,  11,  14,  15,  16,  21.) 

Human  interest  of  the  period;  accounts  lively,  romantic, 
tragic,  sombre,  sometimes  barbarous. 

Less  retouching  in  the  interests  of  religious  theory;  no  moral 
ideas  worth  mentioning. 

No  fixed  capital;  no  central  santuary,  no  settled  form  of  gov- 
ernment. 

Civil  Position  of  a  Judge. 

Loosely  defined  leadership  ;  not  hereditary  ;  Shofet,  Ph.  suffes. 
Local  authority  ;  leader  of  a  tribe  ;  tribes  not  united. 

Physical  prowess,  shrewdness,  military  success  more  than 
wisdom  or  character  determined  the  selection. 

Moral  Conceptions  of  Period. 

Editor  of  book  feels  apology  is  due  —  "In  those  days  there 

was  no  king  in  Israel  ;    every  man  did  as  he  pleased." 

View  of  Yahweh's  character  ;  approved  of  deceit,  treachery^ 

human  sacrifice. 
Lack  of  ethical  element  in  current  religion. 

Truth  that  Yahweh's  favor  was  given  or  withheld  on  pure- 
ly moral  grounds  not  clear  much  before  eighth  cen- 
tury prophets. 

Some  Striking  Occurrences  Under  Earlier  Judges. 

1.  Murder  of  Eglon    by    Ehud  ;    use   of    treachery,    friendly 

tribute,  message  from  God,  outstretched  right  hand, 
Yahweh's  approval  claimed. 

2.  Murder  of  Sisera  by  Jael,  the  Kenite  woman. 

The  battle  in  the  plain  ;  discomfiture  of  Sisera  ;  Yah- 
weh's assistance  through  heavy  rainfall  ;  defeat 
and  flight. 

The  murder  in  the  tent  ;  varying  accounts  in  prose 
narrative  and  in  the  poem. 

Approving  song  of  Deborah — "Blessed  be  Jael  above 
women." 

Moral  concepts  of  period  valuable  as  historic  exhibits. 
Out  of  such  primitive  conditions  came  Judaism 
and  Christianity. 


30 

The  Leadership  of  Gideon. 

His  election  ;  supposed  deadly  effect  of  seeing  Yahweh's  mes- 
senger. 
Three  hundred  chosen  men  ;  Yahweh  desired  honor  of  defeat- 
ing Midian  with  small  numbers  ;  principle  of  selection. 
His  military  strategy  ;  the  night  attack  ;  absence  of  pickets, 
discipline  ;  excitable  orientals. 
Disposition  to  locate  divine  in  interstices  of  natural  law  — 
lot,  chance,  dream,  ecstacy,  strategy. 

Some  Later  Occurrences. 

1.  Jotham's   caustic    parable   of   the    trees  ;    application    to 

modern  political  conditions. 

2.  Heroism  of  Jephthah  ;  his  mad  vow  ;  recurrence  of  human 

sacrifice. 

3.  Story  of  Samson  "  the  sunny." 

Points  of  resensblance  to  sun  myths. 

Weight  of  scholarship  inclined  to  view  main  events  as 
historical,  not  mythical,  only  in  slight  degree 
legendary. 

Main  features  in  portrayal,  sensuality,  humor,  lack  of 
purpose. 

Abstinence  from  wine  not  on  moral  grounds  —  vine  be- 
longed to  another  god. 

Mechanical  notion  of  his  unusual  strength  —  in  his  hair. 

Adventures  with  woman  of  Timnath,  with  woman  of 
Gaza,  with  Delilah,  his  riddle,  his  practical  jokes, 
his  final  undoing. 

Dignified  effort  for  revenge  at  his  death. 

Such  a  boisterous,  roystering  blade  a  strange  cham- 
pion of  religion. 
Element  of  folk-lore  in  Hebrew  hero  stories. 

4.  Micah  and  the  Levite  priest. 

Importance  of  knowing  how  to  tend  Yahweh's  shrine  ; 
"  the  manner  of  the  god  of  the  land." 

5.  Crime  of  men  of  Benjamin. 

Inhospitality  as  offensive  as  impurity. 

Fierce  indignation  due  to  property  right  in  woman  more 

than  to  outraged  sense  of  purity. 
Law  of  vengeance  in  the  clan  ;  general  massacre. 
Social  ostracism  ;  would  not  give  wives  to  hated  tribe. 
Capture  of  Shiloh  women  to  prevent  extinction  of  tribe. 

These  are  the  striking  tales  ;  mass  of  people  living  more 
quietly  and  usefully. 

Closing  apology  of  editor — "In  those  days  there  was  no  king 
in  Israel  —  every  man  did  as  he  pleased," — does  not  feel  called 
upon  to  reconcile  or  defend,  but  simply  to  relate  the  facts. 

Stories  used  so  far  as  possible  to  teach  a  uniform  lesson  that 
backsliding  from  Yahweh  brings  defeat  and  sorrow  ;  return  to 
him  brings  victory  and  happiness. 


32 


LECTURE    VII. 
The  Early  Days  of  the  Monarchy. 

(Read  I  Samuel  3,  4,  5,  6,  10,  15,  16.) 

The  Rise  of  the  Prophet. 

Meaning  of  term  Nabi,  passive  form  ;  pro-phet,  speak  for. 

Prediction  incidental,  sometimes  absent. 

Crude  form  of  early  prophetism,  dream,  trance,  ecstasy. 

Akin    to    phenomena  in    other    religions,  Medicine  Man, 

Kahuna,  Dervish,  other  religious  zealots. 
Emergence  of  moral  purpose  and  spiritual  insight  gradual. 
Resemblance  of  later  prophecy  to  modern  preaching. 

Urging  of  duty  ;  quickening  moral  sense  ;  interpretation 
of  life  on  higher  side  ;  strengthening  of  motive  by 
august  sanctions  of  religion. 

Eli  and  Samuel. 

1.  The  house  and  ark  of  Yahvveh  ;  work  of  tending  Yahweh's 

shrine. 
Slept  near  the  shrine  to  serve  the  deity. 
Common  sins  of  corrupt  priests,   covetousness,   licen- 
tiousness. 

2.  Use  of  ark  as  military  asset:  effect  on  Israelites;  on  Phi- 

listines. 

3.  Capture  of  Yahweh's  ark  by  Philistines  ;  placed  in  Temple 

of  Dagon  as  a  trophy. 

4.  Naive  account  of  Yahweh's  struggle  with  Dagon,  the  fish- 

god  ;  with  the  Philistines. 

Disastrous  effect  of  Yahweh's  presence  among  Philis- 
tines, boils,  mice  ;  plague  followed  route  of  ark 
from  city  to  city. 

Seek  advice  from  priests  and  diviners. 

5.  Return  of  ark  by  Philistines  ;  method  employed. 

Joy  of  Israelites  ;  Yahvveh  able  to  deliver  himself. 
Probable  effect  on  their  religion  if  ark  had  not  been 
returned. 
The  net  results  of  Samuel's  work  as  a  prophet. 


34 

The  Reign  of  Saul. 

1.  Primitive  idea  of  a  king,  size,  courage  ;  choice  of  Saul, 

Prophetic  claim  that  desire  for  king  was  rejection  of 
Yahweh. 

2.  Saul  as  a  prophet  ;  contagion  of  religious  excitement. 

3.  Saul  becomes  actual  king  by  act  of  prowess  over  Ammon- 

ites. 
Steps  toward  more  stable  form  of  government. 

4.  Saul's  favor  to  Kenites  ;  his  treatment  of  Amalekites. 

Devotement  of  captured  property  to  Yahweh  ;  spoil  is 

taboo. 
Effect  of  disloyalty  ;  "  To  obey  is  better  than  sacrifice." 

5.  Saul's  relation  to  David  ;  two  streams  of  tradition. 

His  madness,  abnormal  nervous  condition. 

"The  evil  spirit  from  Yahweh."  Demoniacal  posses- 
sion in  Old  and  New  Testament  ;  study  of 
seven  cases  in  time  of  Christ ;  symptoms  of 
three  kinds  and  akin  to  those  of  insanity,  epi- 
lepsy, paralysis  ;  popular  accounting  for  puz- 
zling maladies  before  day  of  scientific  diagnosis. 

Effect  of  David's  music  upon  "the  evil  spirit  from 
Yahweh." 

6.  Theory  of  the  "Lord's  anointed." 

Consecration  ceremony  made  him  Yahweh's  property  ; 
violence  to  king  an  affront  to  deity  ;  "  divine 
right  of  kings." 

7.  Saul's  jealousy  of  David  as  a  rising  man  ;  admiration  of 

the  women. 

8.  Battle    of    Bethaven  ;    consultation    of    oracle    or  ephod ; 

defeat  of  Philistines  ;  vow  of  abstinence  laid  upon 
soldiers  ;  taboo  broken  by  Jonathan  ;  fact  ascer- 
tained by  lot  ;  his  rescue  by  people. 

9.  Saul's  interview  with  the  witch  ;  Samuel's  shade  called. 

Hebrew  attitude  touching  mediums,  trance  communi- 
cations, familiar  spirits. 
Modern  spiritualism. 

Nothing  of  value  seems  to  have  resulted.  "If  I  had 
power  to  hear  the  chatter  of  a  lot  of  idle 
people  either  in  the  next  town  or  in  the  next 
world,  I  would  decline."  —  Huxley. 
Moral  quality  of  average  "psychic  "  not  a  recom- 
mendation. 
10.  Death  of  Saul  in  battle. 

Three  accounts  of  event  —  suicide,  killed  by  armor- 
bearer,  punished  by  Yahweh  for  consulting  the 
witch. 

Real  advance  toward  national  life  under  the  monarchy. 
Emergence  of  finer  religious  ideals. 


36 


LECTURE    VIII. 

The  Kingdom  under  David. 

(Read  I  Samuel  17,  18,  22  ;  II  Samuel  6,  12,  15,  18,    21,  24  ; 

I  Kings  1,  2.) 
David,  after  Moses,  greatest  personage  in  ancient  Israel. 

Laws  grouped  around  the  name  of  Moses,  proverbs  around 
Solomon,  lyric  poems  around  David. 
Histories  of  Saul  and  David  overlap. 

Jealousies  due  to  David's  friendship  with  Jonathan,  the 
king's  son  ;  marriage  with  Michal,  the  king's 
daughter. 

Boyhood  of  David. 

Shepherd  life ;  friendship  for  Jonathan  ;  ability  as  a  musi- 
cian;  red  hair  with  ardent  temperament  common  to 
that  complexion. 

Encounter  with  Goliath  ;  common  in  Arab  warfare  ;  two 
accounts  of  his  first  meeting  with  Saul  ;  two  accounts 
of  death  of  Goliath  ;  popular  deed  attributed  to  popu- 
lar king. 

His  Earlier  Movements. 

Quality  of  his  following  at  Adullam's  cave;  captain  of  out- 
laws ;  generous  forbearance  toward  Saul. 

Adventure  with  Nabal  ;  beauty  and  tact  of  Abigail. 

Eats  bread  offered  to  Yahweh  ;  commended  by  Christ  because 
ritual  is  subordinate  to  human  need. 

His  Family  Life. 

Successful  lover  ;  Michal,  Abigail,  Bathsheba,  other  wives. 
Status  of  polygamy  in  his  day  ;  effect  upon  children  ;  David's 

sons,  Amnon,  Absalom. 
Moral  sense  of  nation  spoke  through  Nathan  rebuking  king 

for  taking  Bathsheba. 
Revolt  of  Absalom  ;  his  beauty,  treachery,  tragic  death. 

Transfer  of  Capital  from  Hebron  to  Jerusalem. 
Importance  of  site,  high,  rocky,  easily  defended. 
Omen  of  Yahweh's  presence  in  mulberry  trees. 


38 

Transfer  of  Yahweh's  Ark  to  Jerusalem. 

1.  First  attempt ;  unaccountable  conduct  of  Yahweh  ;  mys- 

terious death  of  Uzzah. 
Primitive  interpretation  of  strange  events. 
Feeling  of  uncertainty  as  to  Yahweh's    disposition  ; 
"  David  was  afraid  of  Yahweh  that  day." 

2.  Ark  at   Obed-Edom  ;    second   attempt  ;   six    paces  taken 

tentatively  ;  brought  to  Jerusalem  ;  joy  of  the  people  ; 
Michal's  criticism. 

3.  Proposal  to  build  a  house  for  Yahweh  refused. 

Probably  later  interpretation  put  upon  David's  neglect. 

David  a  man  of  blood  ;  new  idea  of  Yahweh's  character. 
Note.  —  Magical  and  moral  elements  in  religion;  pure 
magic  ;  blending  of  magical  and  moral  ;  emergence  of  moral 
and  spiritual  values. 

The  Famine. 

Reason    assigned,   cruelty   of   Saul    to   Gibeonites ;    Yahweh 

offended. 
Effort  to  avert  by  human  sacrifices  ;  custom  died  hard. 

The  Taking  of  the  Census. 

Varying  accounts  as  to  source  of  suggestion. 

Satan  a  Persian  conception  ;    priests  would  not  attribute 
evil  suggestions  to  Yahweh. 
Opposition  of  Yahweh  as  Lord  of  life. 
Disastrous  results  of  census-taking. 
Yahweh  halting  the  pestilence  at  the  threshing-floor. 

Purchased  as  a  sacred  place  ;  50  shekels  of  silver,  600  of 
gold. 

David  as  a  Writer  of  Songs. 

How  far  a  contributor  to  psalter. 

Some  scholars  attribute  Psalms  3,  4,  7,  8,  9,  15,  18,  19,  24, 
29,  32,  100,  to  David  ;  others  regard  this  as  an  over- 
estimate ;  share  in  psalter  slight. 

Loss  to  lovers  of  supposed  personal  allusions. 

Musical  element  in  early  worship. 

Last  Battles  and  Other  Events. 

Heroism  and  fine  sentiment  of  the  "  three  mighty  men." 
Chronicler's  account  of  his  charge  to  Solomon. 
Priestly  tradition  of  farewell  addresses. 

No  reference  in  prophetic  traditions  ;  what  they  thought 
a  king  ought  to  have  been  saying. 
Peculiar  circumstances  surrounding  his  death  ;  oriental  court. 


40 

Leading  Characteristics  and  Lasting  Influence  of  David. 

1.  Qualities  necessary  for  popular   hero,  "success  tempered 

by  failure  and  difficulty  ;  joyous  lover,  with  some  dis- 
appointment and  tragedy  ;  noble  purpose,  but  full 
share  of  human  infirmity." 

2.  Loyal  to  Yahweh,  warm-hearted  toward  friends,  generous 

toward  enemies,  noble  in  purpose,  but  beset  by  unfavor- 
able environment. 

3.  Bequest  of  great  name  —  "House  of  David"  like  house  of 

Hapsburg,  or  Hohenzollern. 
Popular  expectation  that  Messiah  should  be  of  the  house 
and  lineage  of  David. 


42 


LECTURE  IX. 

Reign  of  Solomon  and  Beginning  of  Decline. 

(Read  I  Kings  3,  4,  5,  7,  8,  10,  11.) 
Rivalry  as  to  succession  ;  plots  of  women  in  harem  for  their 

favorites  ;  David's  frank  preference;  influence  of  Bathsheba. 
Significance  of  Solomon's  name. 
Passing   of   Bedouin  character,  coming  of   order,  discipline, 

system  in  political  affairs. 

Early  Reputation  of  Solomon. 

Reputed  wisdom  of  boy  king. 

Yahweh  appears  at  Gibeon  bestowing  common  sense. 
Judicial  insight,  contention  of  two  mothers. 

Features  of  His  Reign. 

1.  Foreign  allianceH  through  marriage. 

Polygamy  permitted  unlimited  extension  of  such  alli- 
ances. 
Social  entanglements  led  to  religious  confusion. 
Various  groups  of  children  meant  plots  as  to  succession. 

2.  His  religious  policy,  syncretism. 

Foreign  wives  brought  their  gods  with  them. 
Desire  to  be  on  good  terms  with  all  the  gods. 
Other  faiths  established   at   Jerusalem  —  Astoreth    of 

Sidonians,    Milcom   of    Amorites,   Chemosh   of 

Moabites. 
Political  expediency  of  such  course  ;  Pantheon  at  Rome. 
Moral     effect  —  confusion,     feebleness,     indifference  ; 

strength  of  definiteness,  even  when  narrow. 

Building  of  the  Temple. 

1.  Building  impetus  ;  perhaps  communicated  from  Egypt. 

Relation  to  Hiram  ;  varying  accounts  ;  trees  of  Pales- 
tine unfit. 

Imperial  slavery  ;  the  corvee  ;  Egypt's  buildings  made 
possible  thus  ;  use  of  system  by  Solomon. 

Temple  designed  as  royal  chapel  in  king's  palace. 

Small  structure,  90x45  feet,  height  35. 

Not  for  great  congregations,  but  a  residence  for  Yahweh. 

2.  Reverent  silence  of  operations. 

Feeling  against  hammering  or  carving  stones  in  Yah- 
weh's  presence. 


44 

3.  The  value  of  symbolism. 

The  ark,  cherubim,  oracle,  pillars  of  Boaz  and  Jachin, 

table  for  shew  bread. 
Growing  supremacy  of  moral  elements  ;  "  nothing  in 

the  ark  save  the  two  tables  of  the  law." 

4.  Scenes  at  dedication  of  temple. 

King  as  priest ;  varying  accounts  in  Kings  and  Chron- 
icles. 

Noble  utterance  in  *' prayer  of  dedication  ";  probable 
date. 

Form  of  Temple  Worship  ;   Development  of  Ritual. 

1.  Service  of  art  to  religion  ;  moral  value. 

Office  of  religion  to  stimulate  effort,  strengthen  the 
will,  purify  affections,  make  moral  purpose  reli- 
able. 

Cannot  be  done  mechanically,  but  aided  by  form  where 
symbolism  genuine  and  effective. 

2.  Contrast  between  temple  service  and  worship  of  modern 

church. 

3.  Significance  of  a  central  sanctuary. 

Enhance  importance  of  Jerusalem. 

Place  worship  under  more  competent  and  centralized 

direction. 
Reduce  liability  to  corruption  of  worship  by  local  influ- 
ences. 
Present   attachment   of   pious  Jews  to  temple   site  ;  wailing 
place. 

Visit  of  Queen  of  Sheba  to  Solomon. 

Location  of  Sheba  uncertain. 

Oriental  pride  in  display  :  enlarged  horizon,  apes,  ivory,  sil- 
ver. 
Tradition  as  to  three  displays  of  wisdom. 

David  a  sheik  ;  Solomon  a  king  ;  good  and  evil  effects. 

The  Wisdom  of  Solomon. 

The  wisdom  literature  to  be  studied  later. 

Oriental  love  of  terse,  meaty  proverbs. 

Moses  declared  the  "law,"  the  prophet  uttered  his  *'  Thus 
saith  the  Lord":  the  Wisdom  writers  gave  the  dis- 
tillate of  experience. 

Gradual  accretions  around  a  great  name. 

Value  of  the  incomplete  morality  commonly  embodied  in 
proverbs. 

a.  Some  contrasts  in  accounts  given  by  prophetic  writers  in 
Samuel  and  Kings  and  by  priestly  writers  in  Chroni- 
cles :  observe  omissions. 

h.  General  effect  of  Solomon's  policy  on  development  of  Israel. 

c.  Gloomy  outlook  at  time  of  his  decease  ;  polygamy,  poly- 
theism, expensive  despotism,  conscript  labor  ;  general 
discontent. 


46 


LECTURE   X. 
The  Life  of  the  Northern  Kingdom. 

(Read  I  Kings  12,  17,  18,  19,  21  ;  II  Kings  2,  4,  5,  9.) 

The  Division  of  the  Kingdom. 

1.  Causes  for  discontent. 

Heavy  taxation  under  Solonaon. 
Autocratic  attitude  of  his  successor. 
Difficulty  of  access  to  one  central  sanctuary. 

2.  The  revolt  of  northern  tribes  under  Jeroboam. 

Estimate  of  him  influenced  by  religious  prepossession. 

3.  His  religious   cult  ;    bulls  at  Bethel  and  Dan  a  counter 

attraction  to  Solomon's  temple. 
Whole  revolt  probably  a  reaction  toward   tribal  free- 
dom. 

The  Reign  of  Ahab. 

Pass  over  many  intervals  of  no  special  significance. 

Ahab's  foreign  policy  ;  matrimonial  alliance  with  Sidonians. 

Religious  policy  of  syncretism  ;    meaning  of    Ba-al  ;    led  to 

dilution  of  elements  in  Yahweh's  character. 
Economic  reasons  for  cultivating  Ba-al  worship. 

Development  of  Prophecy  in  Northern  Kingdom. 

1.  Story  of  Elijah  ;  confusion  in  the  tradition  ;    strong  per- 
sonality. 

a.  The  famine  ;    ravens,  Orebim,  Orebites  ;   the  Sidonian 

widow. 

b.  Contest    with    priests  of   Baal:  Yahweh's   enemies, — 

Queen  Jezebel,  and  Phoenician  prosperity  ;  vic- 
tory on  Carmel  ;  subsequent  discouragement  ; 
flight  to  Horeb,  Yahweh's  former  home. 

c.  Insistence  on  social  righteousness  ;  Naboth's  vineyard. 

Prophets  as  champions  of  oppressed  people  against 
cruel  usurpation  of  monarchs. 

d.  Dramatic  death — caught  away  in  storm  ;  body  never 

found. 

(1)  His   usefulness,  insistence  that   Yahweh    worship 

and  Baal  worship  mutually  exclusive  ;  social 
righteousness  essential  element  in  religion. 

(2)  His    limitations,  failed  to  rebuke   bull    worship, 

lacking  in  mercy  and  sympathy,  violent  rather 
than  constructive. 


48 
2.  Story  of  Elisha. 

a.  Contrast  to  his  predecessor  in  appearance,  social  hab- 

its, political  attitude,  general  nnethod. 

b.  Outburst  of  wonders  ;  elements  of  folklore  in  accounts. 

Question  of  the  miraculous. 

Not  to  be  judged  by  prepossessions  for  or  against. 

Evidence  for  each  to  be  examined  separately. 

Present  inability  to  set  up  bounds  as  to  what  is 
possible. 

"Uniformity  of  nature"  not  yet  reduced  to  defi- 
nite statement. 

c.  Social  and  humane  character  of  Elisha. 

d.  Healing  of  Naaman,  a  foreigner  ;    his  relation  to  his 

own  god  Rimmon  ;  his  request  for  some  Palestine 
earth. 

e.  The  raising  of  the  siege  of  Samaria. 

The  Revolt  of  Jehu. 
Rough,  wild  fellow. 

His  anointing  and  reception  by  the  army. 
His  ferocity  toward  Jezebel,  the  former  queen. 
His  murder  of  the  seventy  princes. 

Effort  to  extirpate  Baal  worship  by  wholesale  slaughter  of 
priests. 

a.  Atrocities  in  name  of  religion  ;    literal   acceptance  of 

these  events  as  commanded  of  God  gave  rise  to 
Spanish  inquisition,  hanging  of  Quakers,  burning 
of  witches  ;  also  cast  doubt  on  inspiration  of  scrip- 
ture. 

b.  Judgment  of  later  prophet,  Hosea,  on  Jehu's  course. 

Seme  Events  Leading  up  to  Assyrian  Captivity. 

Oft  recurring  melancholy  refrain  ;  story  of  apostasy. 
Degree  of  prosperity  under  Jeroboam  II. 
Beginnings   of   written   prophecy,  Amos,  Hosea ;    former 
prophets,   Samuel,   Nathan,   Elijah,   Elisha,   gave 
oral  messages. 
Series  of  inefficient  rulers. 

Appearance  of  powerful    neighbor   on    north    in    Israel's 
affairs;  hungry  for  tribute. 
Yahweh  could  protect,  but  would  not  because  of  dis- 
obedience. 
Hoshea  and  the  fall  of  the  northern  kingdom. 
Beginnings  of  Isaiah's  career —  studied  later. 
Samaria  colonized  by  Assyria. 

Difficulties  experienced,  the  lions,  "the  manner  of 
the  god  of  the  land,"  Yahweh's  cultus. 

a.  Contribution  of  northern  tribes  to  life  of  Israel. 

b.  Mass  of  northern  kingdom  swallowed  up,  foreign  mar- 

riages, contact  with  Assyria,  remoteness  from  cen- 
ters of  thought  and  life.  "Ten  lost  tribes"  no 
more  to  reappear. 

c.  Insistence  on  inferiority  of  Samaria's  people. 


50 


LECTURE   XL 

The  Progress  of  the  Southern  Kingdom. 

(Read  II  Kings  21,  22  ;  II  Chronicles  26,  29,  30,  35,  36.) 
Story  in  Chronicles  continuous,  in  Kings  interspersed. 
Advantage  of  national  capital,  central  sanctuary,  unbroken 
tradition. 

Evils  Under  Rehoboam's  Reign. 

Narrow  policy,  despotic,  grasping,  unfaithful  ;  groves,  images, 

high  places. 
Shishak  of  Egypt  despoiling  Yahweh's  house. 

Belief  that  Yahweh  uses  foreign  nations  as  agents. 

Several  Insignificant  Kings. 

Asa  removes  obscene  image  ;  opposes  queen-mother. 
Atrocities  of  Queen  Athaliah. 

Escape  of  infant  prince  ;  hidden  away  and  produced  later. 
Amaziah's  bloody  reign  ;  rise  of  priests  into  greater  political 
importance  ;  military  type — Thomas  h  Becket. 

Prosperous  Reign  of  Azariah  or  Uzziah. 

Victories,  fortification,  interest  in  agriculture. 
His  leprosy — priestly  view  of  it. 

Strange  combination  of  wisdom  and  superstition. 

Sharper  marking  off  of  priestly  privilege. 

Reign  of  Ahaz. 

Appearance  of  Isaiah  ;  conspicuous  figure  of  the  period. 
Sign  given  Ahaz  ;  mistaken  use  of  passage. 
Apostasy    of  Ahaz,    Moloch    worship,   sacrifice   of  children  ; 
widespread  corruption. 

Days  of  Hezekiah. 

DifiBcult  position  ;  Assyrian  tribute  heavy  ;  party  favorable 

to  Egypt  ;  longing  for  ancient  liberty. 
Meaning  of  sign  on  the  hour-glass. 
Sweeping  reforms   attributed   to  him  ;  breaking  of   "brazen 

serpent"  —  akin  to  primitive  totemism. 
Wholesome  influence  and  patriotic  devotion  of  Isaiah. 
Sennacherib    besieges   Jerusalem  ;  Yahweh    delivers   city  by 

pestilence. 


52 

Manasseh's  Mixed  Policy. 

Assyrian  ideas  fashionable  and  politic. 

Idolatrous  reaction  ;  introduction  of  star-worship. 

In  opposing  Hezekiah's  reforms  Manasseh  may  have  thought 

he  was  a  restorer  of  ancient  cult. 
Persecution  of  prophets — "filled  Jerusalem  with  blood." 
Talmud  story  of  murder  of  Isaiah. 

The  Reign  of  Josiah. 

Young  prince  in  the  hands  of  reforming  party. 

1.  The  repair  of  the  temple  and  discovery  of "  the  book  of 

the  law." 
No   difficulty  in  deciphering,  as  would  have  been 

with  a  manuscript  of  great  age. 
Was  it  pious  fraud?     Was  it  Deuteronomy? 
Reasons  why  it  was  anonymous. 
Sanction  of  antiquity  ;  great  name  of  Moses. 
Main  reasons  for  assigning  Deuteronomy  to  time  of 
Josiah. 

2.  Effect  of  this  new  edition  of  Mosaic  law. 

Addition  of  argument  and  exhortation  to  the  law, 
in  these  orations. 

Loving  choice  of  Yahweh  on  grounds  of  gratitude. 

Purification  of  worship  ;  dread  of  everything  foreign. 

One  sanctuary  for  sacrifice  ;  step  toward  syna- 
gogue and  the  substitution  of  instruction  and 
prayer  for  sacrifice. 

Evangelical  principles  in  Deuteronomy. 

Main  emphasis  on  moral  obedience  to  the  will  of 
God. 

3.  Josiah's  great  passover. 

First  real  celebration  of  at  Jerusalem. 
Passover  mentioned  in   Exodus,  Numbers,  Deuter- 
onomy, once  in  Leviticus,  twice  in  Joshua, 
then  not  named  again  until  time  of  Josiah, 
623  B.  C. 
Had  Deuteronomy  been  in  existence  would  it  have 
been  ignored? 
Thoroughgoing    reforms    consequent  upon  publication  of 
"the  book  of  the  law." 
Note. — No  sin  offerings  in  Deuteronomy  ;  God's  favor  not  bought 
with  gifts. 
Strong  emphasis  on  humane,  useful  service. 
Utilitarian  motives  urged  natural  to  the  period. 
Triumph  of  the  prophetic  party. 


54 

Events  Looking  Toward  Babylonian  Captivity. 

Yahweh's    anger    unappeased    by    Josiab's    goodness  ;  wrath 
against  Manaeseh  carried  forward. 
Jeremiah's  message — scorn  for  mere  ritual — doing  right  is 
serving  Yahweh. 
Temple  plundered  ;  first  exile  to  Babylon. 
Jewish  revolt  against  Babylon.     Wretchedness  of  the  times. 
Zedekiah,  the  last  king  of  southern  kingdom. 

Jerusalem  Taken  by  Nebuchadnezzar.     Great  Exile. 

Sack  of  city  ;  burning  of  temple  ;  murder  of  inbabitants. 
Effect  on  people.     If  Yahweh's  bome  is   taken,  where  is 
Yahweh?     Belief  in  inviolability  of  temple.     Con- 
trast Isaiah  "  not  possible";  Micah  "  threatened"; 
Ezekiel"  fulfilled." 
Ezekiel'B  vision  of  Yahweh's   departure  and   subsequent 
return. 
Note. — Contrast  accounts  in  Kings  and  Chronicles.     No  story  of 
northern  kingdom  in  Chronicles  because  no  temple,  no  rit- 
ual, no  Levitical  priesthood. 


56 

LECTURE   XII. 

Prophets  Before  the  Exile. 

(Read  Amos  3,  4,  5,  8,  9  ;  Hosea  1,  2,  3,  4,  11, 12,  14  ;  Micah  2, 
4,  6  ;  Isaiah  1,  2,  6,9,35.) 

Course  of  Development  in  Prophecy. 

1.  Saul's  "trance  men." 

2.  Seer,  finding  lost  things  ;  Samuel  and  the  lost  asses. 

3.  Moral  censors,  Nathan,  Elijah. 

4.  Religious  instructors  and  leaders,  Amos,  Hosea,  Isaiah. 

5.  Prophetic   insight  touching  future  development  of  moral 

issues. 
Mere  physiological  and  psychological    states  without 
moral   significance   eliminated  from  legitimate 
prophecy. 

Punction  of  the  Prophets  Among  the  Hebrews. 

1.  Popular  moral  leaders. 

Not  mere  teachers  of  ethics  ;  insistence  on  the  will  of 
God,  a  moral  order  definite  and  capable  of  real- 
ization. 

Popular — not  in  sense  of  being  always  acceptable  — 
not  an  esoteric  clique. 

2.  Their  relation  to  the  priests. 

Not  always  friendly  ;  ceremony  obscured  moral  obliga- 
tion. 
Insist  on  supremacy  of  character  over  form. 

3.  Political  influence  ;  as  a  rule  incidental ;  notoflfice-seekers. 

4.  Evils  commonly  dealt  with  —  injustice,  land  greed,  venal- 

ity of   judges  and   priests,  showy  luxury,  cruelty, 
poverty,  intemperance,  infidelity  to  God  of  Israel. 

5.  Direct  speech  supplemented  by  written  prophecy  in  eighth 

century. 
Synopses,   briefs,   outlines   of   addresses   rather    than 
addresses  themselves  in  finished  literary  form. 
Amos. 

Vocation,  style,  characteristics. 

His  opposition  to  thoughtless  ritualism. 

His  insistence  upon  law. 

His  influence  epoch-making. 


58 
Hosea. 

Story  of  his  life ;  the  prodigal  wife  ;  her  recovery. 

Main  theme  of  his  prophecy  colored  by  personal  experience. 

Insistence  upon  power  of   love  ;  Yahweh's  patient,  redeeming 

compassion  for  his  people. 
New  view  of  Yahweh's  character  —  effect  of  Jehu's  cruelty. 
Inexplicable  attachment  of  Yahweh  to  Israel. 

Isaiah. 

1.  Reasons  for  claim  that  book  is  composite. 

Isaiah  lived  770  to  690  B.  C.     Exile  586  to  538. 
Author  of  second  half  sees  Exile  as  past  and  hour  for 

deliverance  at  hand. 
Second  part  unmeaning  to  age  Isaiah  was  addressing. 
Repeated  and  detailed  references  to  Babylon. 
Second    Isaiah    unknown    to    Jeremiah    and    Ezekiel, 

exilic  and  post-exilic  prophets. 
Cyrus  argued  about  as  one  known  and  doubted. 
Original  position  of  book  in  canon  after  Jeremiah  and 

Ezekiel. 
Language  —  different  English  of  Chaucer,  Shakspeare, 

Kipling. 
Hebrews    careless    as    to    authorship  ;  disarrangement  of 
writings  upon  pieces  of  skin  or  parchment  ;  liability  to  bind 
up  together  what  is  from  different  hands. 

2.  Isaiah's  call  as  a  prophet ;  scene  in  the  temple. 

Holy  energy  of  God  pictured  in  huge  winged  creatures  ; 
cleansing  of  the  lips — organs  of  instruction, 
persuasion,  not  sword  of  force  or  censer  of  ritual. 

3.  His  main  contentions. 

Scorn  for  empty  ritualism. 

Insistence  upon  social  righteousness. 

Yahweh's  holy  sublimity. 

Yahweh's  choice  of  Israel  ;  his  argument  with  his  peo- 
ple.    "  Come  now,  let  us  reason  together,"  etc. 

Isaiah's  foreign  policy  for  Israel.     Sign  for  Ahaz. 

His  Messianic  expectations. 

His  prince  with  the  "four  names."     High  estimate  of 
royalty. 
Hicah. 

The  prophet  of  the  poor. 

Contemptuous   reference   to   futility   of   sacrifice  in  gaining 

divine  favor. 
Summary  of  pure  religion,  "What  doth  the  Lord  require  of 
thee  but  to  do  justly,  love  mercy,  and  walk  humbly 
with  thy  God." 
Righteous  action  —  do  justly. 
Humane  feeling  —  love  mercy. 
Spiritual  devotion  —  walk  humbly  with  God. 


60 


LECTURE   XIIL 

The  Exile  and  Return  from  Babylon. 

(Read  Ezra  1,  3,  4,  5,  9,  10  ;  Nehemiah  1,  2,  4,  6,  8,  13.) 
Higher  class  of  Jews  carried  off  first ;  deportation  incomplete. 
Babylon  a  commercial  center  ;  almost  a  port  on  Persian  Gulf. 
New   note  in  Hebrew  life  —  formerly  pastoral,  agricultural, 
now  traders. 

Condition  of  Israelites  in  Exile. 

Generally  peaceful  and  prosperous  ;  many  unwilling  to  return. 
Religious  faith  sustained  at  first  by  continued  existence  of 

Jerusalem  ;  material  and  political  forms  destroyed  at 

last,  and  a  church  took  place  of  the  state  as  a  divine 

institution. 
Later   problems  of  faith  occasioned  by  captivity  ;  why    did 

Yahweh  permit  the  capture  of  his  home  ? 
Ezekiel's   vision   of   Yahweh's   chariot   drawn  by  composite 

creatures,  feet  of  quadrupeds,  wings  of  birds,  hands  of 

men  ;  Yahweh   could   visit  his  people  wherever  they 

were. 

Some  Results  of  the  Captivity. 

Learned  to  live  in  the  larger  world  and  not  be  of  it. 
Deeper  sense  of  attachment  to  Holy  Land  ;  "  if  I  forget  thee." 
Stronger  disgust  for  idol  worship  ;  intellectual  scorn. 
New  note  of  tenderness  for  afflicted  ;  suffering  begets   sym- 
pathy. 
Stronger  sense  of  individual  responsibility  ;  individual  came 

to  front  when  nation  was  no  more. 
Cessation  of  sacrifice  promoted  spiritual  forms  of  worship. 
God  is  spirit,  not  located  at  Jerusalem. 
God  dwells  not  in  temples  made  with  hands,  but  in  the 

individual  worshipper. 
Sacrifice   in    its    highest   manifestation    is   personal,    not 
material. 


62 

Conditions  of  the  Return. 

Question  as  to  historicity  of  accounts. 

Belief  that  discipline  was  completed. 

Office  of  Cyrus  ;  a  broader  doctrine  of  providence. 

God  does  not  confine  action  of  his  Spirit  to  Jews  ;  "  I  have 
girded  thee,  though  thou  hast  not  known  me." 
Return  only  partial  ;  long,  perilous  journey  both  educative 
and  deterrent. 
First  exodus  clothed  with  miracle  and  marvel. 
Second    exodus    achieved  by  action    of   divine    spirit    on 
hearts  of  men. 

The  Restoration  of  Jerusalem. 
Three  expeditions  described. 

1.  Company  under  Zerubbabel  built  an  altar  ;  laid  foun- 

dation of  the  temple. 

2.  Ezra  the  scribe  ;  literary  development  of  period  ;  for- 

mation of  "  Priests'  Code." 
Scribe   as    copyist ;    registrar  of    genealogies ;    ex- 
pounder of  the  law. 
Ezra's    opposition  to    mixed    marriages  ;    pathetic 
picture  of  the  perplexed  people. 
a.  Partly  ritualistic  ;  Yahweh  must  have  pure 

community  in  which  to  dwell. 
h.   Partly    practical  ;    some    of    worst    features 
of  Hebrew  life  came  from  mixed  mar- 
riages. 
Spanish  in  South  America.     Negroes  in 
South.     Cf.  English  practice. 
Ezra  an  idealist  ;  domestic  happiness  subordinate 

to  principle. 
Ezra's  influence  in  popularizing  the  "law." 

3.  Nehemiah  the  cup-bearer  ;  responsible  court  position. 

News  of  sad  state  of  Jerusalem  ;  petition  to  king. 
Return  to  city  and  night  ride  around  the  walls. 
Opposition  from  Sanballat,  Tobiah,  Gershom  —  an 

emir. 
Method  of  rebuilding  the  walls  ;  individual  respon- 
sibility. 
Refusal  of  Samaritan  aid  ;  early  prejudice. 
Attention  to  social  questions. 

Opposition  to  unjust  interest  ;  condemnation  of 
Sabbath  traffic  and  labor  ;  mutual  help- 
fulness of  Hebrews. 


64 

Attention  to  public  proclamation  of  the  law. 

Not  a  priest  working  wonders  in  a  dark  place, 
but  a  scribe  in  the  open  air,  instructing 
the  people  in  truths  that  make  for  well- 
being  ;  real  advance. 
Insistence  upon  joyous  worship  ;  cheerfulness  and 
love. 
Some  exhortations  from  the  prophets. 

Haggai's  memory  of  former  temple  ;  rebukes  apathy 
of  people  ;  restored  temple  would  have  moral 
attraction  for  Yahweh. 
Zechariah's  vision  of  a  restored  Jerusalem  ;  dualism, 
belief  in  Satan. 

Some  Wholesome  and  Abiding  Effects  of  Babylonian  Experience. 

1.  Beginning  of  detachment  of  Israel's  religion  from   their 

political  status. 

2.  Stronger  interest  in  Hebrew  literature  as  a  religious  force. 

3.  Impulse  toward  cessation  of  sacrifice  and  introduction  of 

synagogue  system. 

4.  Total  destruction  of  former  temple  withdrew  attention  from 

venerated   symbols.     Holy   of   Holies   in    restored 
temple  empty.     Pompey's  "There  is  nothing." 


66 


LECTURE   XIV. 

Later    Prophets. 

(Read  Jeremiah  2,  7,  31,  51  ;  Ezekiel  1,  10,  11,  18,  39  ;  Isaiah 
40,  42,  53,  55,  61  ;  Malachi  1,  2,  3.) 

Jeremiah. 

The  burning  of  Jeremiah's  first  book  by  the  king. 
His  opposition  to  two  grounds  of  Israel's  confidence — invio- 
lability of  Jerusalem  ;  alliance  with  Egypt. 
Use  of  Rechabites  to  rebuke  infidelity  of  Israel  to  Yahweh. 
His  insistence  on  ethical  elements  in  religious  life. 

Josiah's  reform  mainly  from  idolatry  to  ritual  of  Deuter- 
onomy. 
Jeremiah's  urging  of  justice,  mercy,  truth. 
Comparison  of  exiles  and  those  remaining,  to  baskets  of  figs. 
Sensational  appearance  wearing  a  yoke. 
Reasons  for  his  somber  tone  ;  campaign  of  protest. 
His  profound  influence  upon  later  Judaism. 

Ezekiel. 

Insistence  that  Jerusalem  was  to  be  destroyed  ;  clay  tablet ; 
vile  bread  of  mixed  grains  ;  cutting  and  burning  his 
hair. 
Excessive  imagery  ;  influence  of  Babylon. 

Composite  creatures,  indicating  mystery  and  supernatural 
character  of  beings  represented  :  out  of  range  of 
ordinary  human  experience. 
Yahweh's  chariot  as  evidence  of  his  ability  to  travel. 
Objective  idea  of  holiness  ;  mechanical  view. 

Temple  to  insulate  Yahweh  from  touch  of  evil. 
System  of  offsets  to  wrong-doing  through  expiatory  ritual.. 
Elaborate  measurements  of  new  sanctuary. 
Strong  doctrine  of  personal  accountability. 

National  life  destroyed  or  obscured,  individual  responsi- 
bility emphasized. 
Necessity  for  new  heart,  "  I  will  take  away  the  heart  of 
stone  and  give  you  a  heart  of  flesh  and  put  my 
spirit  within  you." 


68 

Hopes  of  restoration ;  basis  of,  Yahweh  cannot  permanently 
abandon  his  people  :  story  of  foundling  baby  girl. 
Reputation  to  sustain  :  abandonment  of  Israel  would  be 
abdication  of  his  throne. 
One  of  most  influential  men  of  Hebrew  history. 

Father  of  legalism  ;  carried  through  a  crisis  ;  inaugurated 
apocalyptic  style  of  thinking. 

The  "Second  Isaiah." 

Unfortunate  phrase;  writing  of  a  "great  unkown"  ;  many  of 
best  books  anonymous  ;    Deuteronomy,  Job,  many  of 
the  Psalms. 
Style,  historical  setting,  issues  discussed. 
Message  of  comfort ;  chastisement  accomplished  by  captivity. 
Israel  personified  as  servant  of  Yahweh  ;  as  prophet  to  the 

nations. 
His  doctrine  of  God  in  history  ;  stronger  emphasis  on  pre- 
dictive element  in  prophecy  ;  taken  into  God's  counsel. 
His  view  of  Cyrus  ;  the  policy  of  general  conciliation. 

Divine  spirit  operates  outside  Hebrew  people ;  extension 

of  Yahweh's  influence. 
Missionary  spirit  in  Judaism. 
The  servant  of  Yahweh  despised,  forsaken,  but  suffering  for  a 
redemptive  purpose. 
Place  of  suffering  and  sacrifice  in  work  of  moral  recovery. 
General  principle  of  vicarious  suffering. 
Note. —  Messianic  expectations. 
Early  forms  of. 

Development  of  idea  by  organic  process. 
Family,  prophet,  king,  priest,  nation,  servant. 
Extent  of  real  prophetic  insight. 
How  far  fulfilled  in  Jesus  of  Nazareth? 
His  vision  of  the  universal  reign  of  Yahweh. 

Part  of  cosmic  movement,  like  fall  of  rain  ;  his  word  shall 

not  fail  to  accomplish  his  ends. 
Jerusalem  the  religious  metropolis  of  the  world. 

Place  of  these  prophets  in  development  of  religion  of  Israel. 
Their  permanent  contribution  to  morals  and  religion. 


70 


LECTURE  XV. 

The  Priestly  Law. 

(Read  Leviticus  5,  14,  16 ;  Numbers  5,  19  ;  Hebrews  9,  10.) 
Three  main  schools  of  thought. 

The  Prophet — "  Tlius  saith  the  Lord." 
The  Priest —  laying  emphasis  upon  ceremonial  law. 
The    Wise    Man  —  making    appeal    to  moral   reason  and 
experience. 
Main  sources  of  Priestly  Law  —  Leviticus,  Numbers,  Chroni- 
cles, Ezekiel,  with  parts  of  Exodus,  Ezra,  Nehemiah. 
Priest's  Code,  a  history  of  Israel  and  its  institutions  from  rit- 
ualist point  of  view  ;  book  of  Chronicles   an  argument 
rather  than  a  history. 
Unity  of  character  in  all  these  writings —  sacerdotal  point  of 
view. 

Result  of  Development. 

Traces  of  growth  ;  more  and  more  elaborate  form  of  same  law. 
Leviticus,  codified  tradition  touching  ritual  ;  usage,  reduction 

of  usage  to  written  law,  the  codification. 
Centers  around  the  central  sanctuary  and  its  service. 

Fundamental  Principle. 

Priest's  business  to  secure  a  holy  community  in   which  God 
may  dwell  with  satisfaction.     Significance  of  "  atone- 
ment day." 
Interest  in  disease  not  sanitary  but  ritualistic  —  leprosy  offen- 
sive to  Yahweh. 
n.  Contrast  with  prophet's  idea  of  human  well-being. 
h.  Contrast  Sabbath  law  in  Deuteronomy  and  Leviticus. 

Trivial  and  Superstitious  Elements. 

1.  The  law  of  leprosy  ;  the  two  birds. 

2.  The  law  of  jealousy  ;  test  of  cha-tity. 

8,  Moral  purification  by  blood  of  red  heifer. 

4.  Sending  scapegoat  into  wilderness  to  demon  Azazel. 

6.  Supposed   explosions  of  divine  anger  on  account  of  slight 

infringements    of    ritual;    strange    fire;  holy  oil  ; 

position  of  tents  ;  superstitious  accretions. 


72 

Suggestive  and  Educative  Value  of  Ritual  Observances. 

1.  Hebrew  language  deficient  in  abstract  terms. 

2.  Notion  of  holiness  through  purifications. 

3.  Incense  and  the  worship  of  the  Unseen. 

4.  Sacrifice  ;  original  meaning  ;  typical  significance. 

5.  Tithing,  feasts,  holy  places. 

6.  Clean  and  unclean  meats  ;  only  in  slight  degree  hygienic  : 

Yahweh  had  his  prejudices  which  must  be  respected. 

7.  Rite  of  circumcision. 

Inconsistencies  and  Errors. 

1.  Not  in  maintaining  the  holiness  of  God,  but  in  defining  it. 

2.  All  laws  on  same  level.     Murder  or  adultery  with  lighting 

a  fire  on  Sabbath  ;    death   penalty  for  ritual  dis- 
obedience. 

3.  Imperfect  alliance  of  morality  and  religion. 

Combination  of  bloodthirsty  cruelty  with  ceremonial 
conpcientiousness  in  treatment  of  Midianites. 

4.  Liability  to  develop    asceticism,  selfish  pride,  formalism, 

celestial  etiquette. 

5.  Inattention  to  fact  that  service  to  man  is  the  wholesome 

expression  of  devotion  to  God. 
"  Inasmuch  as  ye  do  it  unto  the  least  of  these." 

Deficiencies  Offset  by  Certain  Compensations,  as  Seen  in  Actual 
Effect    upon     Life    of     the     People,     Life     Better    than 
Their  Theory. 
Unlike  pagan  code  in  five  particulars.     (Abbott.) 

1.  Support  of  priesthood  voluntary. 

2.  Worship  voluntary  ;  not  enforced  by  threat. 

3.  Offerings  mainly  inexpensive. 

4.  Offerings  not  to  appease  anger,  but  to  satisfy  the  soul. 

5.  Levitical  code  contemplated  its  own  discontinuance. 
The  devout  Hebrew's  "delight  in  the  law  of  Jehovah." 
Trivial   and   superstitious  falls  into  disuse  because   trivial  : 

real  values  symbolized  are  cherished. 


74 

LECTURE   XVI. 

Hebrew  Poetry. 

(Read  Genesis  1  ;  Song  of  Solomon  1,  2,  3,  4 ;  Job  1,  2,  3,  4,  8,- 
11,  12,  13,  16,  28;  31,  38,  39,  40,42.) 
Some  leading  characteristics  of  Hebrew  poetry. 
Absence  of  rhyme  ;    meter  ;  literary  style. 
Abundant  parallelism — synonomous,  antithetic,  synthetic. 
Main  theme,  morals  and  religion. 

The  Poem  of  Creation  in  Genesis. 

Studied  to-day  not  as  scientific  treatise  but  as  religious  poem. 
Trace  of  Babylonian  concepts  in  cosmogony. 
Remarkable  scientific  insight  for  that  period. 

Creation  an  orderly  process  ;  operation  of  resident  forces — 
"  let  the  waters  bring  forth,  etc.";  first  forms  of  ani- 
mal life  marine  ;  birds  and  fish  before  reptiles — an 
order  unusual  in  ancient  cosmogonies. 
Disposition  to  hallow  venerated  observances — Sabbath. 
Really  eight  periods  of  creation  named,  but  reduced  to 
seven  after  model  of  Hebrew  week. 
Permanent  value  in  religious  concepts. 
One  God,  Creator  of  all  things. 
World    not   self-existent,    nor   evil   opponent,  but    an 

expression  of  his  will. 
Man  at  summit  of  creation    by    virtue   of   his   moral 
nature  —  likeness  and  image  of  God. 
Note. —  Compare  with  Yahwist  account  of  creation  in  Genesis. 

The  Song  of  Songs,  or  "  Song  of  Solomon." 

Author  unknown  ;  Solomon  not  author  butcharacter  in  poem. 
Not  allegorical — no  hint  of  such  a  thought  ;  not  so  used  by 
Christ  and  his  apostles  ;  materials  unsuitable  to  repre- 
sent Christ's  love  for  his  people. 
Loyalty  of  Shulamite  maiden  to  her  country  lover  in  spite  of 

allurements  of  royal  lover. 
Dramatic  treatment  of  sacredness  of  human  love. 

Its  spontaneity,  constancy,  fidelity. 
Apparent  indelicacies  to  be  judged  by  taste  of  that  time  and 
land. 
Wherein  lies  its  "  divine  inspiration  "? 


76 

The  Book  of  Job. 

Anonymous  —  freethinker  attacking  current  orthodoxy. 
Date,  probably  post-exilic. 

Product  of  wisdom  school — no  reference  to  prophecy,  history 
of  Israel,  ceremonial  law  ;  appeal  to  moral  reason  and 
experience. 
Dramatic  poem  rather  than  literal  history. 
Arrangement  of  material  plainly  artificial. 
Literary  form  that  of  didactic  parable. 

1.  Prose  prologue. 

a.  Scene  on  earth  —  Job's  piety  and  prosperity. 

h.  Scene  in  heaven —  first  trial  decided  upon. 

Question  of  motive  raised —  weak  point  in  0.  T. 
theology — by  Satan  the  Celestial  Inspec- 
tor :  his  place  among  the  Sons  of  God. 

c.  Scene  on  earth  —  trial  inflicted. 

d.  Scene  in  heaven  —  second  trial  decided  upon. 

e.  Scene  on  earth —  second  trial  inflicted. 

Job's  attitude  under  extraordinary  affliction. 

2.  Main  argument. 

a.  Job's  three  friends  visit  him  ;  silent  in  presence  of 

grief. 
h.  Series  of    speeches  ;  three  sets  of    three   each,  with 
Job's  replies. 

Main  contention  of  friends — God  is  just  ;  all  suf- 
fering is  punishment  for  sin  ;  righteous- 
ness brings  health,  happiness,  prosperity. 

Job's  rebuttal  :  testimony  of  his  own  conscience, 
open  record  of  his  life,  testimony  of  Jeho- 
vah ;  also  manifest  prosperity  of  some 
wicked  men. 

Failure  of  current  orthodoxy  to  reconcile  adver- 
sity with  divine  justice. 

Moral  energy  of  a  perplexed  man,  holding  fast 
his  integrity  though  torn  by  doubt. 

Compulsory  modification  and  readjustment  of 
beliefs  ;  necessity  of  inductive  system. 

Strong  affirmation  of  faith  in  a  moral  order 
that  will  not  permanently  allow  injustice. 

Introduction  of  Elihu  ;  his  failure  to  advance 
solution  or  adduce  anything  new  : 
announces  approaching  storm. 


78 

c.  Appearance  of  the  storm. 

Boldness  of  author  in  bringing  Jehovah  on  the 

stage. 
Not  mere  stage  play  ;  nature  sympathetic,  vocal. 
The  voice  from  the  whirlwind  ;  soul  of  external 

nature. 
Content  of  Jehovah's  answer. 

Mystery  of  Job's  case  part  of  a  larger  mys- 
tery. 
Affirmation  of  meaning  and  method  in  it  all. 
Sympathetic  interest  of  God  all-inclusive  — 
vast     things,     small     things,    things 
remote   from    human  knowledge  and 
interest. 
The  order  of  nature  as  a  divine  revelation. 
3.  Prose  epilogue. 

a.  Job  commended  for  speaking  right  ;  friends  rebuked. 
h.  Job  prays  for  his  friends. 

c.  Restored  to  double  his  former  prosperity. 

d.  Happy  death  at  advanced  age. 

Apparent  inconsistency  of  conclusion  ;  dry,  prosaic,  morally 

disappointing. 
Main  teachings  of  the  book. 

a.  Cases  of  apparent    injustice    involve   consideration    of 

larger  issues. 
h.  Powerlessness  of  man  before  God  ;  limited  intelligence 

must  find  mysteries  in  divine  government, 
c.   Moral  effect  of  adversity  rightly  borne. 


80 


LECTURE   XVII. 

Hebrew  Poetry  —  Religious  Songs. 

(Read  Psalms  1,  8,  15,  19,  23,  24,  37,  46,  51,  73,  84,  91,  103,  119, 
121,  122,  139,  145.) 

The  Psalter  a  National  Hymn-book. 

Embodies  personal  and  national  religious  experience. 
Gradual  aggregation  of  smaller  collections. 
Meets  a  demand  in  the  ritual  for  temple  worship. 

Its  Division  into  Books. 

Five  books,  1-41,  42-72,  73-89,  90-106,  107-160. 
Grouping  chronological  in  a  general  way,  not  precise. 
Each  book  closes  with  appropriate  benediction. 
Headings  cannot  be  taken  literally  as  to  authorship. 

Certain  Literary  Characteristics. 

Tendency  to  poetic  exaggeration. 

Abundance  of  parallelisms. 

Use  of  refrains  —  "  His  mercy  endureth  forever,"  etc. 

Musical  notes  in  title  and  text  ;  higgaion,  selah,  etc. 

General  Theological  Attitude. 
Vivid  sense  of  a  personal  God. 

Sometimes  carries  writer  into  anthropomorphism. 
Deep  sense  of  personal  communion  with  God. 
Sense  of  God's  manifestation  of  himself  in  nature. 
Strong  sense  of  antagonism  toward  other  religious  parties. 
Faith  in  future  life  for  community  rather  than  for  individual. 
Bible  piety,  nourished  on  law  and  writings. 

Some  Special  Psalms. 

1.  Estate  of  godly  and  ungodly  contrasted  ;  tree  and  chaff. 

Results  of  delight  in  the  Torah. 
19.  The  Song  of  Two  Worlds. 

The  orderly  beauty  and  harmony  of  the  heavens  above. 

The  moral  peace  where  God's  law  is  established  within. 

Prayer  that  one's  life  movements  may  be  brought 

into  harmony  with  the  moral  order  of  the 

world. 


82 

23.  The  Shepherd  Psalm. 

The  shepherd's  care  for  his  sheep. 
The  host's  provision  for  his  guests. 

Symbols  of  the  Lord's  care  for  his  people. 
34.  A  votive  Hymn. 

Acrostic  in  form. 

Personal  experience  of  the  divine  care  and  helpfulness. 
37.  Hebrew  doctrine  of  Prosperity. 

Confidence  that  righteousness  inevitably  brings  pros- 
perity.    Bravely   affirmed  in   most  of  psalms  ; 
doubted  and  discussed  in  Job  ;  flatly  denied  in 
Ecclesiastes. 
How  far  true  as  a  general  principle. 
46.  The  Lord  of  Hosts  our  Refuge. 

Beautiful  literary  form  ;  three  stanzas  with  refrain. 
Serene  confidence  in  time  of  storm,  of  war. 
51.  Penitential. 

How  far  referable  to  David. 
Confession  on  behalf  of  a  people. 
Clear  note  of  human  responsibility  to  God. 
Last    verses    a    possible    addition    to    balance    radical 
statements  preceding. 
73.  Faith  and  Adversity. 

Oft-recurring  problem  of   the  mystery   of   prosperous 

wickedness. 
Vision  of  final  outcome  gained  in  the  sanctuary. 
84.  A  Song  of  God's  House. 

Religious  homesickness  of  an  exile. 
90,  91.  God  as  a  Refuge. 

Possibly  suggested  by  "  Song  of  Moses  "  in  Deuteron- 
omy (Moulton). 

90  — "The  Eternal  God  is  thy  refuge." 

91  — "  Underneath  are  the  everlasting  arms." 
Serene  confidence  in  efficacy  of  God's  care. 

103-104.   Hymns  of  blessing. 

One  addressed  to  the  moral  sense  within. 
The  other  to  the  created  world  without. 
Complete  ascription  of  praise  to  God. 
119.  Praise  of  the  Torah. 

Acrostic  in  form  ;  eight-line  stanzas    beginning    with 

successive  letters  of  Hebrew  alphabet. 
Each  verse  contains  some  designation  for  God's  law. 
139.  The  Omnipresent  God. 

In  all  parts  of  the  personal  life  ;  in  all  parts  of  the 
earth  ;  in  all  places  of  human  abode. 


84 

Expression  of  Certain  Beliefs  in  Special  Psalms. 

Messianic  psalms,  2,  20,  21,  45,  72,  110. 
Antagonism  to  sacrifice,  40:6,  50:8,  15,  61:15. 
Highest  morality,  15,  24,  119. 
Heroic  faith  without  confidence  in  future  life,  39. 
Imprecatory  psalms  59,  69,  109. 

Results  of  national  more  than  individual  consciousness. 

Compare  vindictive  spiritof  Psalm  137  with  Jeremiah  29:7. 
Gleams  of  hope  of  immortality,  16,  17,  49,  73. 
Note.  —  Permanent  value  of  psalter. 
Manual  for  private  devotion. 
Furnishes  suitable  material  for  public  liturgy. 
Gives  poetic  expression  to  religious  faith. 


86 

LECTURE  XVIII. 

The  Literature  of  Romance. 

(Read  Ruth,  Esther,  Jonah,  Daniel,  1-6.) 
Oriental  fondness  for  stories. 
Brought  to  their  high  excellence  by  repetition. 
Abundance  of  parable,  allegory,  apocalypse  in  all  their  liter- 
ature. 

Value  of  Imaginative  Element  in  Hebrew  Writings. 
Historic  value  of  legends. 

Alfred  the  Great,  William  Tell,  Washington's  cherry  tree. 
Useful  for  history  of  ideas  if  not  for  history  of  fact. 
Certain  stories  in  book  of  Genesis. 
Moral  uses  of  legend  ;  homiletic  value  unimpaired  by  critical 
study  if  sentiment  is  sound. 

Some  Short  Stories  of  Hebrew  Romance. 

1.  The  hero  stories  in  book  of  Judges. 

2.  Some  of  the  Elisha  stories. 

3.  Certain  stories  in  book  of  Daniel. 

Vindication  of  wisdom  of  Levitical  lavi^  in  diet. 
-    Story  of  the  composite  image. 
The  three  men  in  the  fiery  furnace. 
The  feast  of  Belshazzar  ;  handwriting  on  the  wall. 
Daniel  in  the  lion's  den. 

Reasons  for  doubt  as  to  historicity. 
Poetic  statement  of  valuable  moral  truths. 
Probably  written  to  stimulate  faith  under  persecu- 
tion by  Antiochus. 
Note. —  Late  date  of  Daniel  ;  traces  of  Persian  influence. 

Two  portions  —  Stories  of  Daniel  and  his  friends  ;  the  visions 

of  Daniel. 
Danger  of  fanciful  interpretation  of  apocalyptic  writings. 

The  Story  of  Ruth. 

A  social  pamphlet  defending  marriage  with  foreigners. 
Generous  protest  against  race  prejudice. 
Foreign  marriages  need  not  vitiate  stock  ;  Ruth  an  ances- 
tress of  David. 
Picture  of  primitive  marriage  customs. 
Fidelity  of  one  woman  to  another. 

A  foreigner's  appreciation  for  the  better  religion  of  Hebrews. 
Perpetual  interest  in  well  told  love  story. 


88 

The  Story  of  Jonah. 

Pathetic  fate  of  a  beautiful  and  useful  book. 

Grotesque  and  fantastic  allowed  to  obscure  the  real  mes- 
sage. 
History  or  allegory? 

No  such  prophet  as  Jonah  at  period  named. 

No  such  wholesale  conversion  of  Ninevites  known. 
Story  of  the  big  fish  ;  poetic  prayer. 
Main  points  of  interest. 

Results  of  disobedience. 

Religious  faith  of  foreigners  ;  use  of  lot. 

Breadth  of  God's  moral  interest  ;  mission  to  Nineveh. 

The  story  of  the  gourd. 

Protest  against  Jewish  bigotry  and  exclusiveness. 
Effect  of  Christ's  reference  to  the  book. 

The  Story  of  Esther. 

Wholly  secular  ;  God  is  not  named  ;  no  mention  of  prayer, 

sacrifice,  temple,  faith  or  other  religious  idea. 
Moral  tone  low,  narrow,  bitter. 
Strong  opposition  to  admission  to  the  Canon. 

Reasons  for  its  final  acceptance,  gives  historical  basis  for 
Feast  of  Purim  ;  glorifies  the  Jews. 
Development  of  the  story. 

Trouble  at  the  court  of  Xerxes  ;  choice  of  Esther  as  queen. 
Haman's  plot  against  Mordecai  and  all  Jews. 
Esther's  social  tact  and  brave  intercession  for  her  people. 
Discomfiture  of  Haman  ;  poetic  justice. 
Fierce  retaliation  of  the  Jews. 
How  far  is  story  true  to  fact. 

Reasons  for  treating  it  as  a  historical  romance. 
How  far  is  its  teaching  morally  wholesome? 
Fiction  has  its  place  in  ministry  of  literature  to  the  life  of  the 

spirit. 
Ideals  which  have  not  found  adequate  embodiment  in  actual 
history,  made  vivid  by  creations  of  fiction  writers. 


90 

LECTURE   XIX. 

The  Wisdom  Literature. 

(Read    Proverbs  3,  10,  22,  25,  30,  31  :    Ecclesiastes  1,  3,  7,  9,  11, 

12.) 
Diverse  elements  in  Post-Exilic  Judaism. 

"The  law  shall  not  perish  from  the  priest,  nor  counsel 

from  the  wise,  nor  the  word  from  the  prophet." 
Decision  of  Priest  by  the  oracle,  of  the  Wise  Man  by  reason 
and  experience  ;  of    the  Prophet  by  "  the  word  of 
Yahweh." 
Post-Exilic    development ;     result    of    contact    with    Greek 
ideas  and  civilization  ;  personification  of  Wisdom   or 
Virtue. 
Resemblance  to  three  classes  of  teachers  (Abbott). 

Empirical,  e.  g.,  sceptical  moralists  of  18th  century. 
Legal,  e.  g.,  Puritans  and  better  class  of  Pharisees. 
Prophetic,  e.  g.,  men  of  deeper  moral  insight  in  all  times. 

Certain  Characteristics  of  Wisdom  Literature. 

1.  Oriental  love  of  pithy  sayings,  epigrams. 

2.  Habit  of  shrewd  observation. 

3.  Attempt  iU  an  ethical  philosophy. 

4.  Strong  secular  element  ;  religion  of  a  man  of  the  world. 

5.  This  literature  "  the  humanism  of  the  Hebrews  ";  meeting 

place  of  secular  minds  with  Scripture. 

6.  Moral  service  rendered  by  humor. 

The  Book  of  Proverbs. 

Question  of  authorship  ;  composite  collection. 
Solomon,  Hezekiah,  Agur,  Lemuel. 

Attached  to  name  of  Solomon,  as  lyric  poetry  to  name  of 
David. 
Moral    effectiveness  ;    hit    the    mark  ;    easily    remembered, 
quoted. 
Bacon,  Benjamin  Franklin,  The  Ram's  Horn,  Mr.  Dooley. 
Ready  money  and  small  change  of  moral  instruction. 
Strongly  humanitarian  ;  feeling  for  the  poor. 
Praise  of  wisdom  ;  Hebrew  conception  of  —  moral  as  well  as 
intellectual. 
Two  Voices  in  the  street ;  Hercules  facing  Vice  and  Virtue. 


92 

Advance  upon  sheer  utilitarianism. 

Personal    relation  to  God  at  basis  of  right  life  ;  fear  of 
the  Lord  the  beginning  of  wisdom. 
Characterization  of  fools  and  folly ;  lack  mainly  moral. 
Words  of  Agur  ;  resemblance  to  spirit  in  Faust. 
Acrostic  in  praise  of  "  The  capable  woman." 

Fundamental  principle  running  through  the  collection, 
reverence  for  God  and  fidelity  to  His  law  at  basis 
of  right  character. 

The  Book  of  Ecclesiastes. 
Was  Solomon  the  author  ? 

Style,  language,  ideas  indicate  later  date. 
Fact  of  being  written  in  first  person  not  conclusive. 
Monologue  of  man  arguing  with  himself. 

Movement  in  a  circle  ;  wisdom,  labor,  pleasure  all  failed. 
Resemblance  to  spirit  of  the  Rubiyat  of  Omar. 
Writer's  main  point  of  view. 

Yahweh  not  named  ;  deity  unsympathetic  ;  lack  of  phil- 
anthropic sentiment  ;  doctrine  of  future  life  named 
only  to  be  rejected. 
Confusion  of  sentiment  perhaps  due  to  use  of  varying  ma- 
terials by  a  Redactor  —  Epicurean  Sadducee  ;  Stoic 
Wisdom   counseling    prudence   of  life ;    despairing 
pessimism. 
Supposition  of  two  voices  contending  in  Solomon's  own 
nature. 
Early  training  in  piety  under  Nathan  the  prophet. 
Effect  of  later  sensualism  of  his  life. 
Main  question  argued, — "Is  life  worth  living?" 

Negative  conclusion  implied  :  treadmill  weariness. 
Failure  of  exciting  pleasures,  of  property,  of  philosophy, 

of  great  achievements. 
Pure  wedlock  praised,  but  cynical  view  of  woman. 
Open  breach  with  Hebrew   orthodoxy  in  main  positions. 
Probable  additions  to  book  to  mitigate  shock  of  its   bald 

scepticism. 
Somber  pessimism — lack  of  redemptive  purpose  or  spirit. 
Author  abandons  the  effort  to  solve  his  problems. 
No  doctrine  of  providence  for  the  present. 
No  hope  of  immortality  for  the  future. 

Yet  holds  fast  to  God  and  duty — "  Fear  God  and  keep  his 
commandments,  for  this  is  the  whole  duty  of  man." 
Value  of  such  an  unusual  book  for  religious  life. 

Two  observations  as  to  Wisdom  literature  in  general. 

a.  In  Proverbs,  the  principle  that  piety  brings  prosperity 
is  affirmed  ;  in  Job  it  is  questioned  and  modified  ; 
in  Ecclesiastes  it  is  flatly  denied  but  with  a  firm 
grasp  of  moral  obligation. 

h.  The  Divine  Spirit  speaks  not  only  through  the  rapt 
visions  of  the  prophet,  the  sacred  observances  of 
the  ritualist,  but  through  the  hard  common  sense  of 
average  men  applying  their  wisdom  to  facts  of  ex- 
perience. 


94 

LECTURE    XX. 
Practical  Influence  of  thls  Literature  upon  Life. 

Wide  currency  due  to  popular  Btyle,  religious  sentiment  in  its 
favor,  demonstrated  usefulness. 

Bible  unique  not  by  ecclesiastical  decree  on  its  behalf, but  be- 
cause it  stands  the  test  of  use. 

Some  points  of  practical  influence: 

In  Providing  Theme  and  Inspiration  for  Human  Masterpieces. 

1.  In  music — oratorios  of  Elijah,  Messiah,  Saul,  Eli,  Esther, 

St.  Paul,  Mount  of  Olives,  etc. 

2.  In  architecture — greatest  buildings  of  the  world. 

3.  In  sculpture  and  painting — Angelo's  Moses,  David  ;  Ma- 

donnas, Transfigurations,  Last  Judgment. 

4.  In  literature — Paradise  Lost,  Inferno,  Saul,  etc. 

Note. —  Estimates  upon  Bible  by  eminent  men— Heine,  Ewald, 
Renan,  Huxley,  Matthew  Arnold,  Goethe,  Emerson,  Theo- 
dore Parker,  Dickens,  Ruekin,  Gladstone. 

In  Furnishing  that  Body  of  Wholesome  Feeling  and  Sentiment 
which  is  a  Fruitful  Source  of  Right  Conduct. 

"Out  of  the  heart  are  the  issues  of  life." 

1.  Faith  in  an  All-powerful,  All-wise  and  Beneficent  God. 

2.  Confidence  in  a  moral  order,  definite  and  capable  of   reali- 

zation. 

3.  Spirit  of  good  will  toward  others. 

Stimulus  to  social  service.     Howard,  Wilberforce,  Shaftes- 
bury. 

4.  August  sanctions  of  right  affording  powerful  motive. 

5.  Hope  of  a  future  life;  cannot  be    proved:  grounds    for  a 

rational  and  useful  confidence. 
Note. — Its  ability  to   feed    the    world    with    moral    energy.     Its 
claims  can  be  submitted  to  the  test  of  experience. 

In  Providing  a  Sufficient  Code  for  Right  Conduct  Stated  in 
Terms  of  Life  Rather  than  in  Abstract  Precepts. 

1.  Its  words  are  "  made  flesh"  and  dwell  among  us. 

2.  Ideals  are  set  within  an  actual  human,  historic  order. 

3.  Principle  of  development  regarded. 

Every  man  repeats  most  of  the  story  of  moral  evolu- 
tion from  the  "Garden  of  JEden "  to  John's 
"  Holy  City,"  in  himself. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Santa  Barbara  College  Library 
Santa  Barbara,  California 


t  Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 

This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


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ing  the  affections,  making  the  moral  judgment  sane, 
forming  the  character. 
"  A  book  of  final  values  for  all  who  would  live  nobly." 


3  1205  00166  3150 


